‘Little evidence’ that IVF conception heightens future pregnancy complications risk

There is “little evidence” to suggest that children conceived as a result of fertility treatment are at any greater risk of having pregnancy complications or worse birth outcomes than their naturally conceived peers, according to a long-term study published in the journal BMJ Medicine.

The use of fertility treatment is increasing and more than 10 million babies have been born worldwide using assisted reproduction techniques.

It is known that the resulting pregnancies are at “higher risk of several pregnancy and birth complications”, although it is not clear if these risks are associated with the treatment involved or the lower rates of fertility.

Similarly, whether these risks might also affect the children conceived this way when they want to become parents themselves is not clear either.

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As part of the study, the reproductive histories of more than a million Norwegian residents born between 1984 and 2002 and pregnancy registered with the Medical Birth Registry of Norway up to the end of 2021 were examined.

They focused on various key indicators of newborn and maternal health. These included: average birth weight; gestational age; placental weight; risk of congenital birth defects; vital signs at birth; need for neonatal intensive care; Caesarean section delivery; use of fertility treatment; high blood pressure and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy; premature birth; and the baby’s sex.

Among 1,092,151 people born in Norway from 1984 to 2002, some 180,652 were registered at least once as mothers and 137,530 as fathers.

Of these, 399 men out of a total 5083 (8 per cent) conceived after fertility treatment and 553 women out of a total of 4763 (12 per cent) had at least one registered pregnancy.

Analysis of the data showed “little evidence that people [who] conceived as a result of fertility treatment were themselves at heightened risk of the studied pregnancy or birth complications or of assisted reproduction”.

Conception after fertility treatment, however, was associated with an 86 per cent heightened risk of a low neonatal Apgar score among women conceived in this way, although the actual numbers were small. The odds of having a boy were also 21 per cent lower in this group.

People conceived after fertility treatment were also slightly (9-12 per cent) less likely to have a registered pregnancy within the monitoring period (2002-21).

The researchers acknowledged “certain limitations to the study findings”, including the small number of pregnancies among people conceived after fertility treatment and the lack of information on potentially influential socio-demographic factors.

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Given that all parents were born in Norway, the findings “may not be more widely applicable to a more ethnically diverse population”, the researchers stated.

However, they suggested that people conceived by assisted reproductive technologies “were not at increased risk of obstetric or perinatal complications when becoming parents”.

“Men and women who were conceived by assisted reproductive technologies had fewer pregnancies compared with their peers who were naturally conceived, which might be attributable to social factors,” they explained.

Larger studies with a longer monitoring period and more direct assessment of time to pregnancy are needed to confirm their findings and evaluate the pregnancy outcomes for older parents who were conceived after fertility treatment, the researchers suggest.

“Meanwhile, these early results are reassuring for the increasing number of adolescents and young adults who were conceived by [assisted reproduction] and are entering their reproductive years.”