A history of Ireland in 100 objects

Cross of Cong, early 12th century

Found in Co Mayo, this exquisite cross was made around 1123, probably in either Roscommon or Tuam. The work is of the highest order: a core of oak, a large rock crystal, an elaborate mount and a flange decorated with gold filigree, niello (a deep black mixture of metals) and blue and white glass studs.

The cross chimes with other objects, such as the shrine of St Patrick’s Bell, the high crosses of Kilfenora and Dysert O’Dea, and the sarcophagus at Cormac’s Chapel in Cashel as expressions of a post-Viking Irish culture.

All are heavily influenced by Hiberno-Norse design, in this case the so-called Urnes motifs (named after a site in Norway) of S-shaped animals interwoven with threadlike snakes.

But the cross is a typically eclectic object. The head of the beast that grips the base has been compared to German Romanesque models. At the same time, this is a culmination of a long tradition of Irish ecclesiastical metalwork. Pat Wallace, the director of the National Museum of Ireland, has described it as “both the last and one of the finest artistic efforts of our entire early Christian period”. It is still redolent of the “Celtic” past.

The cross is significant, though, for reasons that go beyond its artistic beauty. It can be seen as a weapon in the endless struggle for overlordship in Ireland. For the cross is not just a crucifix for worship in a church. It is a shrine specifically designed for the public display in procession of the most prestigious of medieval relics: an alleged fragment of the True Cross on which Christ was crucified, contained behind the central crystal. It is 76cm high but was evidently held even higher on a staff or pole. It was meant to invoke awe.

The context for this display is the vacuum in power that followed the Battle of Clontarf, which both curtailed the Vikings and ended the imperial ambitions of Brian Bóruma. The Irish annals mention “cath Saxan”, “the Battle of the English” – the Norman invasion of 1066 that would have momentous consequences for Ireland. But these noises off did not distract from the business of internal struggles for dominance.

The Cross of Cong was commissioned by the king of Connacht, Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair (Turlough O’Connor), who was attempting to establish himself as high king of Ireland. Toirrdelbach mounted successful campaigns against Munster and Dublin. His overlordship was never uncontested, but it acquired a crucial claim to legitimacy when he was given a fragment of the True Cross, which was brought to Ireland in 1123 as a means of encouraging (with very limited success) Irish participation in Pope Callistus II’s crusade to the Holy Land. The Cross of Cong is thus a direct product of both international and Irish political machinations.

Even the power of the True Cross was not enough to establish Toirrdelbach as a secure, centralised monarch of Ireland. Irish politics remained Byzantine and often bloody, with no one dynasty able to exert national control. That situation was wide open to exploitation by opportunists who were already well entrenched across the Irish Sea.

Where to see it National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology, Kildare Street, Dublin 2, 01-6777444, museum.ie