Flowing liquid water is almost certainly responsible for mysterious features on Mars that change with the seasons, scientists believe.
Satellite images have identified narrow streaks, typically less than five metres wide, that appear on slopes during warm seasons, lengthen, and then fade when conditions become cooler.
Experts have speculated that water might be involved in the formation of the gully-like features, known as recurring slope lineae (RSL), but only now has evidence supporting the theory emerged.
A new high resolution technique has revealed that RSLs at four locations on Mars contain salt minerals that precipitate from briny water.
Although the source and the chemistry of the water is unknown, the discovery could affect thinking about whether the planet that is most like Earth in the solar system could support present day microbial life.
Scientists developed a new technique to analyze chemical maps of the Martian surface obtained by Nasa’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft.
They found telltale fingerprints of salts that form only in the presence of water in narrow channels cut into cliff walls throughout the planet’s equatorial region.
The slopes, first reported in 2011, appear during the warm summer months on Mars, then vanish when the temperatures drop.
Scientists suspected the streaks, known as recurring slope lineae, or RSL, were cut by flowing water, but had previously been unable to make the measurements.
“I thought there was no hope,” Lujendra Ojha, a graduate student at Georgia Institute of Technology and lead author of a paper in this week’s issue of the journal Nature Geoscience, said.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter makes its measurements during the hottest part of the Martian day, so scientists believed any traces of water, or fingerprints from hydrated minerals, would have evaporated.
Also, the chemical-sensing instrument on the orbiting spacecraft cannot home in on details as small as the narrow streaks, which typically are less than 5 meters wide.
But Ms Ojha and colleagues created a computer program that could scrutinize individual pixels. That data was then correlated with high-resolution images of the streaks.
Scientists concentrated on the widest streaks and came up with a 100 per cent match between their locations and detections of hydrated salts.
“We’re not claiming that we found ... evidence of liquid water. We found hydrated salts,” Ms Ojha said.
The discovery “confirms that water is playing a role in these features,” added Alfred McEwen, a planetary scientist with Arizona State University.
“We don’t know that it’s coming from the subsurface. It could come from the atmosphere.’
Whatever the water’s source, the prospect of liquid water, even seasonally, raises the intriguing prospect that Mars, which is presumed to be a cold and dead planet, could support life.
Much more information about the water’s chemistry, however, would be needed before scientists could make that assessment, McEwen added.
“It’s not necessarily habitable just because it’s water - at least to terrestrial organisms,” he said.
Nasa’s ongoing Mars rover Curiosity has found evidence Mars had all the ingredients and suitable habitats for microbial life to exist at some point in its past.
Scientists have been trying to figure out how it transformed from a warm, wet and likely Earth-like planet early in its history into the cold, dry desert that exists today.
Billions of years ago, Mars, which lacks a protective, global magnetic field, lost much of its atmosphere.
Several initiatives are under way to determine how much of the planet’s water was stripped away and how much remains locked in ice in underground reservoirs.
Reuters / PA