Standing in the sun outside Milan's San Raffaele Hospital last September, Silvio Berlusconi, the great survivor of Italian politics, recounted the story of his latest remarkable escape.
"I told myself: 'You have got away with it again,'" the tanned and grinning tycoon told his cheering supporters, recounting his battle with Covid-19. Having contracted the virus on holiday at his villa in Sardinia he developed double pneumonia while already recovering from a heart attack.
Berlusconi, who for decades has seduced Italy with tales of entrepreneurial daring and stamina, insisted that his viral load had been "the highest among tens of thousands of patients" at the Milan hospital.
The message was clear: after holding his business and political empire together through multiple scandals, legal investigations, business feuds and electoral setbacks, the man they call Il Cavaliere was not going anywhere.
The 84-year-old Italian magnate, who has unexpectedly returned to government this year, is now planning his last act: succession.
The February earthquake in Italian politics that saw Mario Draghi, the former president of the European Central Bank, become prime minister of a national unity government, has given Berlusconi an unlikely reprieve. Having been out of office since 2011, the new coalition brought Berlusconi's Forza Italia, now the smallest of Italy's right-wing parties, back into power and gave him three ministers.
In the limelight once again, he is looking to cement his legacy. In a bid to secure a long-term role for his political party, Berlusconi is negotiating the formation of a centre-right political bloc – in what could be the last big gamble of his political career.
“It is my final objective, which I have been thinking about since 1994 and which today can finally be achieved,” he told Fortune Italia last week.
His political return could also provide a fillip to the family media business which has struggled over the past decade when he was out of power amid deep structural changes to the industry.
The question facing one of Europe’s longest-standing and most controversial politicians and businessmen is what will remain after he is gone.
Can his children guide the family’s media empire through the challenges of a transformed advertising market and threats from US streaming giants like Netflix? And does Berlusconi’s much-diminished political party, which has shaped Italian politics since the early 1990s, have a future without the businessman who built it in his own image? Or will it simply fade away?
"No one inside Forza Italia really believes that the party can exist in a meaningful way without Berlusconi," says Daniele Albertazzi, an academic at Birmingham University. "If he named a successor, he could have helped the party survive after him, but it remains entirely dependent on his personality and even his funding."
Even before the day in 1994 when the then 57-year-old Milanese tycoon stunned Italy by declaring he was “entering the playing field” of national politics, Berlusconi had always operated in the messy intersection of power, media and business.
As he spoke, the sclerotic and corrupt party system of the so-called First Republic was collapsing. Berlusconi’s Forza Italia was built on a single, powerful idea years ahead of its time: aspirational anti-politics.
“If you listen back to that speech now, it is all still there, he hasn’t really changed a single word over his career,” says Albertazzi.
“He says, ‘I am an outsider, I created an empire for myself and I can do the same for you. The politicians are corrupt and have betrayed you, and I am the man to lead the country.’”
Yet support for Forza Italia has collapsed since Berlusconi was ejected from office in 2011. Having won 30 per cent in the 2013 election, Berlusconi's share of the vote fell to 14 per cent in 2018 and the party currently polls in the single digits, overtaken by a new generation of right-wing nationalists led by Matteo Salvini's League and now Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy.
For its entire history, Forza Italia has been built around the image of Berlusconi. He has not named a successor and many in Rome believe it risks melting as soon as he is gone.
But Antonio Tajani, a senior Forza Italia leader and a Berlusconi loyalist since the early 1990s, says his party has a deep bench. "We have many young MPs working towards the future," he says. "But today Berlusconi is our leader."
Tajani, a former president of the European Parliament, describes how Berlusconi runs the day-to-day business of his party via Skype from his 17th century villa San Martino.
“He is very active and very engaged. Getting Covid was a problem for two or three months but his health is much better now, and I want to be optimistic.”
But in May, former Forza Italia member Giovanni Toti, the governor of the Liguria region and an ex-Mediaset news editor, launched a breakaway centre-right party named Coraggio Italia, triggering a mini-exodus of Forza Italia lawmakers.
Michaela Biancofore, one of 11 MPs who left the party to join the spin-off and famed for being one of Berlusconi's staunchest supporters, says the party is no longer the same after what she calls Tajani's "takeover".
"I'm leaving after Berlusconi left... Of course he's still there, he's the leader, but there are people who take advantage of the opportunity of being close to him, using him like a plasterboard cut-out," she told Italian daily La Repubblica.
Berlusconi is locked in negotiations with Salvini’s League about a merger of the two parties that would create a single right-wing group in what could be his last throw of the political dice.
“Our task is to build a republican party, like the US one, where the centre and the right [work] together to rule the country,” Berlusconi said, speaking virtually at a party event last month.
A merger would allow Berlusconi to leverage what is left of his political influence inside a bigger tent, and likely extract favourable terms from the League ahead of general elections in 2023. Yet there is disagreement in the Berlusconi camp over the move, with some Forza Italia loyalists fearing its more centrist platform will be devoured by Salvini’s anti-migration politics.
While Tajani believes "this is an idea for the future", the three Forza Italia ministers in Draghi's government oppose the initiative. Fedele Confalonieri, chairman of Mediaset, the broadcaster Berlusconi founded in the late 1970s and which would become Italy's first privately owned national TV network, is also against the idea.
“I told Berlusconi I don’t agree,” he says. “Forza Italia’s identity is liberal, truly liberal. Of course, if you don’t water yourself down, everything can be done, but these operations must be prepared over time.”
Berlusconi’s media empire has always been deeply interconnected with his political power. By controlling the largest commercial broadcasters in Italy, he could ensure blanket favourable coverage for Forza Italia. When in office, he was subject to multiple legal challenges over conflicts of interest.
In the mind of his eldest daughter, her father’s political career has been a hindrance to their family business.
"The hate campaign against my father hit our companies," says 55-year-old Marina Berlusconi, the eldest of Berlusconi's five children and chairwoman of the Fininvest family holding company. She describes "constant accusations of [some kind of] conflict of interest which in reality never existed". As Berlusconi enters the twilight of his career, his family and allies continue to battle over his legacy.
For his numerous critics he is a proto-Trumpian billionaire outsider whose misrule of Italy seeded both the anti-politics of the Five Star Movement and also the high technocracy of the Draghi government.
“He is the father of the idea that politics and politicians are dirty and need to be replaced by something else,” says Albertazzi.
For Marina Berlusconi, the country’s travails in the decade since her father left office is evidence that his critics misunderstood the complexity of running the country.
“In the face of all these changes across the past 10 years, many people, including the most hostile to my father, began asking themselves some questions,” she says.
For Confalonieri, Berlusconi has already become a historical figure. “When Berlusconi approaches the end of his career, and we’re getting there, he’ll be portrayed as a great businessman who went into politics with an entrepreneurial mentality... applying techniques and opinion poll strategies to politics”.
Yet the world he and the teenage crooner Berlusconi inhabited, long before social media and Netflix, is gone. The question for the next generation of Berlusconis to answer is whether the magic can continue as their proximity to political power fades.
“These guys are from a different world,” says Albertazzi. “The businesses may continue but the Berlusconi way of doing politics is already dead.” – Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2021
