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Born: October 6th, 1933
Died: January 14th, 2023
On April 6th, 1967, Mukarram Jah was fabulously, and unhappily, thrust into the past.
He was a privileged global citizen in a very modern way: born in France, educated at some of Britain’s best schools, with a taste for jazz, westerns and cars.
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But on that April afternoon he found himself performing rituals left over from India’s Mughal Empire, which had collapsed more than a century earlier. Jah was crowned the nizam of Hyderabad.
The title made him the ceremonial monarch of a territory in South India about the size of Italy, and it vaulted him atop a social order that belonged more to Arabian Nights than to the 1960s. He now bore responsibility for a court whose roll of staff members and dependents listed more than 14,700 people, including about 3,000 bodyguards, 42 concubines and employees with specialities as specific as dusting chandeliers and grinding walnuts. He later discovered that about 4,000 supposed beneficiaries of the royal purse did not actually exist.
As nizam, Jah commanded great prestige – the Indian government granted him an allowance and official recognition as a prince – and extraordinary wealth: He controlled a fortune that, in 1935, the New York Times estimated, included $250 million in gold ingots and $2 billion in precious stones (more than $48 billion in today’s money).
Yet by 1996, Jah – whose coronation also came with the titles Rustam of the Age, the Aristotle of the Times, the Ruler of the Kingdom, the Conqueror of Dominions, the Regulator of the Realm, the Victor in Battles and the Leader of Armies – was a sheep farmer fleeing creditors in Australia.
“The disintegration of the state, and the dispersal of the wealth of the nizam,” historian of India William Dalrymple wrote in the Guardian in 2007, was “one of the 20th century’s most dramatic reversals of fortune”.
Jah died on January 14th at a hospital in Istanbul. He was 89. His first wife, Princess Esra Jah, who later managed the remnants of his estate, said by phone that the cause was kidney failure.
Mukarram Jah began his life as a symbol of the strength of his royal line, one that could be traced to the 17th century. The nizams ultimately ruled over some 15 million people, and their lands included the Godavari delta, which was long thought to be the world’s only source of diamonds.
As the Mughal Empire waned and the British came to control India in the 18th and 19th centuries, the nizams co-operated profitably with their colonial overseers.
Jah’s predecessor as nizam, his grandfather Osman Ali Khan, saw an opportunity to expand the authority of the royal family in the 1920s, when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the father of modern-day Turkey, overthrew the Ottoman caliph Abdul Mejid, considered by many to be the leader of global Islam. The nizamate was Muslim, too, and Khan used his wealth to support Mejid’s family.
The bond was consummated in 1931 with the joint marriage of the nizam’s two sons to the deposed caliph’s daughter and niece – a union between “the mightiest houses of Islam”, the Washington Post reported at the time.
Barkat Mukarram Jah was born on October 6th, 1933, in Nice, France, to Azam Jah, the nizam’s eldest son, and Princess Durrushehvar, the caliph’s daughter.
It quickly became clear to Khan’s inner circle that Khan intended his illustriously pedigreed grandson, not his eldest son, to be the next nizam. And when Abdul Mejid, the ex-caliph, died in 1944, his will appointed Mukarram, though just a schoolboy, to inherit his claim to the mantle of his lost caliphate, according to The Last Nizam, a detailed history of Hyderabad’s royal family, by John Zubrzycki
Mukarram attended the British boarding school Harrow, studied English and history at Cambridge, and finished his education at the Sandhurst military academy, from which he graduated as a second lieutenant.
On holiday in Istanbul in 1958, he met Esra Birgen, a Turkish woman studying interior design. They married in 1959.
Hundreds of the employees he fired joined a communist labour union and burned Jah in effigy. His father sued him for a greater share of the family wealth. His aunt sued him. The ranks of litigants would swell to several thousand
Back in India, Jah underwent diplomatic training, though his longing was to become a military man. That ambition was thwarted, however, when he applied for active duty around the time of India’s 1962 border war with China. The government considered him too prominent to be allowed to fight, he told Zubrzycki.
By then the nizam no longer enjoyed real power. After gaining independence from Britain in 1947, India had invaded Hyderabad. Violence ensued, and Khan quickly admitted defeat, moving Hyderabad’s largely poor, agrarian populace from feudal domination into a modern democracy.
When Jah took over, he tried to get a grip on the ornate but rickety structure of the nizamate. He fired thousands of employees and started making an inventory of his wealth.
But his spectacular inheritance seemed to take on a life of its own and turn against him. Hundreds of the employees he fired joined a communist labour union and burned Jah in effigy. His father sued him for a greater share of the family wealth. His aunt sued him. Eventually the ranks of litigants would swell to several thousand descendants of the seven previous nizams.
Then, in 1971, the Indian government cut off the nizam’s allowance and abolished the royal court’s titles.
“I inherited a scrapyard,” Jah told the New York Times early in his rule
In 1972, he travelled to Australia to visit a friend from Harrow and Cambridge, George Hobday. They camped in the outback. “I love this place: miles and miles of open country and not a bloody Indian in sight,” Jah said, as Hobday recalled to Zubrzycki.
He soon sought the life of a gentleman farmer, buying a sheep farm of nearly a half million acres stretching from the Western Australian coast into the interior. He purchased mechanical playthings, such as an amphibious tank. He bought a gold mine and poured money into it.
To support his Australian adventures, Jah sold his family’s gems and jewels.
In the 1970s, Jah and Princess Esra, who had moved away from Hyderabad, separated and eventually divorced. Jah met a 27-year-old Australian secretary named Helen Simmons. They married and had two sons.
Jah found it necessary to rely on the sale of more and more stupendous heirlooms, but his attempts to auction objects such as a 26-pound gold coin from the early 1600s attracted the scrutiny of the Indian government
At the time, Jah proclaimed that in Australia he had found a place where he belonged. “I respect Western Australians more than anyone else,” he told the West Australian, a newspaper based in Perth, in 1984. “They shake my hand and say, ‘Hi, Jah, how’re yer doing?’”
But within a few years, that life began to unravel. He and Simmons were divorced around the same time that she was diagnosed with Aids. Her death in 1989 occasioned prurient coverage in Australian tabloids about Perth’s “party-going princess”.
Jah found it necessary to rely on the sale of more and more stupendous heirlooms, but his attempts to auction objects such as a 26-pound gold coin from the early 1600s attracted the scrutiny of the Indian government. His most valuable possessions became tied up in convoluted fights with relatives and bureaucrats.
In the 1990s, his yacht was sold for scrap value; then his entire Australian estate was liquidated.
In response, Jah withdrew to Turkey, where he settled with a small staff into apartments in Antalya, a city on the Mediterranean coast, and Istanbul.
He still visited Hyderabad, but he retained only a tiny fraction of the roughly 2,200 properties that he had inherited.
The nizamate seemed poised for total collapse. In fact, it was about to discover an unlikely saviour. At the wedding of their son, Azmet, in 1996, Jah and Princess Esra reconnected. He asked his ex-wife to return to Hyderabad and salvage what she could of his ancestral property and culture.
She accepted the job. “I knew that my children wanted their history back,” she recalled in an interview.
She oversaw the breaking of seals on palace rooms that had been shut since 1967, the clearing away of cobwebs the size of bedsheets, the discovery of precious objects, and the restoration of palace grounds, paintings, manuscripts, arms and more.
Chowmahalla, Hyderabad’s main palace, is now an esteemed museum, and another palace, Falaknuma, is an opulent hotel.
“Princess Esra saved more than I ever thought possible,” Dalrymple said in a phone interview.
Jah’s third, fourth and fifth marriages – to Manolya Onur, Jamila Boularas and Ayesha Arkide – ended in divorce. In addition to Azmet, he is survived by a daughter, Shehkar Jah, from his first marriage; a son, Azam, from his second marriage; a daughter, Nilufer Jah, from his third marriage; a brother, Muffakham; and one grandson. Another son, Umar, from his second marriage, died in 2004.
– This article originally appeared in the New York Times