Katharine Hepburn: Long before the end of her rich and irrepressible life, Katharine Hepburn, who has died aged 96, had gone beyond mere movie star, and won a public affection granted to few people.
She could discuss the phenomenon of herself in ways that left no doubt about her steely, serene ego, but which never jeopardised her charm. Though "charm" is not quite the word. She had an authority, a natural eccentricity and the spunky good sense of a magnificent aunt.
From start to finish, Hepburn was a family person. The years of fame and Hollywood never matched her loyalty to Fenwick, the family property at Old Saybrook, on the Connecticut coast, where she was raised. And she was deeply influenced by the life and work of her parents - the father a doctor, the mother a leader in the drive for women's suffrage and family planning. She took it for granted that one grew up striving for "character", shouldering responsibility and finding strength in family ties and good work.
Kate Hepburn was very New England. She swam in the cold Atlantic; she was a fanatic for exercise; and she enjoyed the long, severe winters and short, stunning summers. The US constitution came from her corner of the country, along with granite humour and equal respect for morality and privacy.
So she was vigorous and independent, while part of an informed and opinionated family that talked about everything except feelings. With that, there was a pervasive mystery. There was some history of mental illness in her family, and suicide. At 13, it was Hepburn who found the body of her older brother, who had hanged himself. It left her tomboyish, feisty, scornful of fuss, yet curious about emotions and their secrecy.
Her character and her intelligence were never simple or superficial, and that prickly edge kept her from being a popular favourite for many years. Indeed, in the late 1930s - her finest years - she was sometimes called box-office poison, a wounding badge that she wore with defiance.
If acting had not worked out, Hepburn would have played golf and tennis, travelled, driven, and would have devoted herself to feminist causes long before they became fashionable. She would have had enduring friendships with women, and a string of bantering relationships with strong, tough men of the world. She did most of those things anyway, while making some 50 films that got her 12 Oscar nominations and four of the statuettes - both records. She acted on the stage, too, but without either the assurance or the vulnerability she had on screen. She wrote a couple of books, including a very successful, blithely selective, autobiography, which she titled - simply, yet reasonably - Me (1991).
Hepburn was educated at the elite women's college Bryn Mawr in Pennsylvania, and graduated with a major in history and philosophy. She went straight into the theatre, where she earned a reputation for being headstrong and undirectable.
In 1928, she married Ludlow "Luddy" Ogden Smith, a Philadelphia stockbroker. It did not last (they divorced in 1934) though she never lost her fondness for him. But she would not marry again.
She went to Hollywood in 1932 where her first employer, David O. Selznick, was horrified: she wasn't beautiful, she wasn't sexy, she talked back, she didn't flatter fools. Years later, Selznick denied her one role she longed for - Scarlett in Gone With The Wind. But in her first film, A Bill of Divorcement (1932), she had George Cukor as her director and John Barrymore playing her father - and she was extraordinary.
Cukor saw a young woman anxious to seem sophisticated, yet often making a fool of herself, and then recovering. She was like a heroine from Jane Austen: she had a moral being, a mind and a conscience, and she was trying - in the words of The Philadelphia Story - "to behave naturally", with grace.
She was perfectly cast as Jo in Cukor's Little Women (1933), and she won her first Oscar as the young actor in Morning Glory (1933). But she was not an established figure in the 1930s and made several flops. She was under contract to a small studio, RKO; and she never let herself be cute or adorable. She played an aviatrix in Christopher Strong (1933). She was a tomboy in Spitfire (1934), and not too credible at genteel romance in The Little Minister (1934), Break Of Hearts (1936) or Quality Street (1937). She was an early feminist in A Woman Rebels (1936).
None did well, and Hepburn sometimes seemed stilted or querulous. But beginning with the pretentious show-off who learns better sense in Alice Adams (1935), she had an extraordinary run. She was dressed as a boy in parts of Cukor's risky Sylvia Scarlett (1936). For John Ford, she gave perhaps her most romantic performance, as Mary Of Scotland (1936). In Stage Door (1937), she had wonderful battles of repartee with Ginger Rogers.
Then she did three films with Cary Grant - as the spirit of liberating disruption in Howard Hawks's Bringing Up Baby (1938); as the rebellious rich girl who wants a more decent life in Cukor's Holiday (1938); and as Tracy Lord in The Philadelphia Story (1940), in which emotional pride and coldness give way to a deeper understanding.
The latter was of her own choosing. Aware that she was not easily cast, Hepburn encouraged the playwright Philip Barry to write the play for her (Howard Hughes loaned her money to buy the rights). She played it on Broadway, and then sold it - and herself - to MGM. If she had only ever made The Philadelphia Story, Holiday and Bringing Up Baby, her place in the comedy of manners and feeling would have been secure. The wary, very clever and teasing Grant was the greatest screen partner she ever had - more stimulating and testing than Spencer Tracy.
Hepburn met Tracy on the set of Woman Of The Year (1942), a very effective comedy until its end, when the woman meekly adopts the man's demeaning rules. On screen and off, she deferred to Tracy. Still, it was the beginning of a partnership that made her a sentimental favourite.
Though she revered health, in life Hepburn accommodated herself to all of Tracy's neuroses - he was an alcoholic and depressive, unhappily married, guilt-ridden over a son's deafness, and not in her class as a mind or a talker. But tough, bitter men gave her a thrill. There had been a romance with Howard Hughes, and a near marriage to her agent Leland Hayward. According to Barbara Leaming's 1995 biography (though this was disputed by family members), John Ford had been the love of her life.
At the same time, there were rumours - and evidence - that Hepburn preferred the company of women, especially Irene Mayer Selznick and the American Express heiress Laura Harding, her friend for more than 60 years. The truth may be that she always enjoyed friendship more than sex; she never quite lived with anyone.
The Tracy films were often very good, even if not as piercing as the late 30s movies - Keeper Of The Flame (1942), Frank Capra's State Of The Union (1948), the excellent Adam's Rib (1949) and Pat And Mike (1952) were the best, and three were by Cukor.
But if one film was the pivot of Hepburn's popularity, it was The African Queen (1951), where she and Humphrey Bogart made a salty, romantic coupling, like kids let out to play. On that dangerous African location, she won the love and admiration of director John Huston, by hunting with him and generally roughing it. Years later in her book about the film, she described him as a pagan god.
There were also bad and inane films - playing Chinese in Dragon Seed (1944); helpless in Without Love (1945) and The Sea Of Grass (1947), both with Tracy; trying to be Clara Schumann in Song Of Love (1947); and in Minnelli's neurotic Undercurrent (1946).
As she neared 50, and stayed resolute about acting her age, Hepburn was the schoolteacher plunged into late love in Venice, in David Lean's Summer Madness (1955), a spinster refreshed by Burt Lancaster in The Rainmaker (1956), and a very creepy monster mother in Suddenly, Last Summer (1959).
Her stature would owe something to the 1971 bestseller Tracy and Hepburn, by Garson Kanin (the scriptwriter on so many of their films) which romanced the Tracy relationship and sweetened up its tough spots (including the moods and affairs of Tracy, and Hepburn's dogged independence). But she spent a lot of time looking after the ailing Tracy, even on screen in the woeful Guess Who's Coming To Dinner? (1967), for which she won her second Oscar.
That statuette should have melted like wax next to the exposed pain of Long Day's Journey Into Night (1962) - her best late film by far. There was another Oscar for The Lion In Winter (1968), and by then she was playing old ladies - sometimes in abject ventures - from The Madwoman Of Chaillot (1969) through a fourth Oscar in On Golden Pond (1981) all the way to Love Affair (1994).
To the end, her bright eyes and her large mind were filled with thoughts of other things to do besides having her picture taken. Maybe that is why, in enough movies, she looks like a newborn creature and one of the great American ladies. On The African Queen, John Huston had a brainwave - "Do it like Eleanor Roosevelt," he said. And she grinned and advanced. There was always a lot more there than just Me.
• Katharine Houghton Hepburn: born May 12th, 1907; died June 29th, 2003