A history of Ireland in 100 objects

The Book of Common Prayer, 1551

This object is doubly resonant. It is the first book printed in Ireland and, as such, marks the island’s rather belated acquisition of one of the defining features of modernity. The revolutionary process of printing on a press with moveable type was pioneered by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany almost exactly a century earlier. The delay in catching up with this new technology says much about Ireland’s absence from the mainstream of the Renaissance.

But if the advent of the first printed book brings a key aspect of modernity to Ireland, that modernity arrives in a form that is unwelcome to a substantial majority of the population.

The spread of printing was not a spontaneous entrepreneurial outburst. Much of the initial impetus for the use of print was political and administrative. It also became an important weapon in the struggles between the energetic new Protestant faiths on the one hand and the Catholic Counter-Reformation on the other.

It is not accidental that the first uses of print in Ireland came in the wake of a failed rebellion against the crown by Silken Thomas FitzGerald, when the Tudor monarchy set about the task of building an effective permanent government in Ireland. Printed royal orders were sent from London, as were printed copies of the submission to the crown of the powerful chieftain Con O’Neill. Print therefore arrived as an aspect of official power and propaganda.

Its effectiveness was limited in part by the limited knowledge of English and in part by the absence of a resident printer. This latter problem was addressed in 1550 when the privy council granted £20 to establish Humphrey Powell, a London printer, in his trade in Dublin. His first task was to produce what the title page calls “The boke of common praier and administration of the sacraments, and other rites and ceremonies of the church; after the vse of the churche of England”.

That Church of England was, of course, itself a momentous development for Ireland. It was the product of Henry VIII’s split from Roman Catholicism in the 1530s and establishment of a national church headed by the monarch. The Book of Common Prayer, produced in 1549 under Henry’s short-lived son Edward VI, was a major step towards the creation of an official and uniform Protestant religion – by no means an easy process even in England itself.

It was temporarily reversed under Edward’s Catholic successor Mary before being copperfastened under Elizabeth I.

The relative failure of the Protestant Reformation in Ireland is one of the great shaping forces of modern Irish history. Who knows how the island would have developed had the Book of Common Prayer eventually become as common and comfortable a presence in the average Irish home as it was in England? But it didn’t.

The compromise formula adopted throughout most of Europe after ferocious religious conflict was ‘cuius regio, eius religio’: the religion of the ruler will be the religion of his subjects. Ireland was one of the great exceptions. A majority of those from both Gaelic and Anglo-Norman stock remained Catholic. A new, and ultimately decisive, gulf opened up between the rulers and the ruled.

Thanks to Petra Schnabel of the Royal Irish Academy

Where to see itBy appointnment at the academy (19 Dawson Street, Dublin 2); 01-6762346, ria.ie