Africans die as world plunders fish

Fleets of factory-ships from Europe and Asia are depleting fishing stocks on the west- African coast, forcing local fishermen to risk their lives by fishing further out to sea or moving into the business of people-trafficking

BY THE FLICKER of candlelight, in a tent on the outskirts of Noudhibou in northern Mauritania, Addib remembers the night she received word that her husband had been killed. He had set off as usual before dawn on a five-day fishing trip at sea. The following evening, a neighbour came to tell Addib that her husband, and father to her six children, had been killed when a foreign fishing trawler had ploughed into his tiny wooden fishing pirogue, killing all seven men on board, just few kilometres from the coast.

"It's the will of Allah," she says, reflecting the fatalism of the region. "People here don't have the right to sit back and cross their arms. They must fish - it is the fate of the poor."

Until recent years, Noudhibou was an idyllic fishing port on the western edge of the Sahara Desert. A meeting of two worlds, where the endless sands of the desert met the turquoise blue of the sea, and nomadic tribes travelled from across the Sahara to trade with fishing communities on the coast. More importantly, it represented one of the world's last great fishing grounds, and the attention of the world's fishing fleets soon turned to the little-known bay, where the fish were plentiful and the restrictions few.

WITH MUCH OF the rest of the world's fish stocks under strict quota control due to severe over-fishing, Mauritania was an industrial fisherman's dream and some of the biggest fishing boats in the world paid what seemed like big money to a poor government in what became known as "cash for access" fishing deals. In 2005, China, which catches more fish than any other nation, gave Mauritania two fighter jets in partial compensation for fishing rights.

One of the first to do business with the Mauritanian government was the late Kevin McHugh, an Irishman and owner of the biggest fishing boat in the world, Atlantic Dawn. With nets twice the size of London's Millennium Dome, McHugh's factory ship could catch in one day what 10 local fishing boats would catch in a year.

Despite the well-documented controversy surrounding the construction of this super-trawler and the granting of its licence to fish, McHugh's trawler obtained the rights to cast its giant nets off the coast of Noudhibou. Trawlers from Korea, Portugal, Spain, China and the Netherlands were soon to follow suit.

As the number of foreign fishing trawlers increased, it became increasingly difficult for local fishermen to catch enough fish in the bay to earn a living. They began to fish farther and farther out to sea, for longer and longer periods.

Over time, the fish stocks depleted and the number of accidents increased. Most of the 200 deaths recorded in the final months of 2006 happened at night, when, under cover of darkness, some of the foreign fishing vessels came in to fish illegally in the protected waters close to the shore.

Abou Sarr, a former marine official, now living in Paris where he is secretary of the Mauritanian Association in France, explains that it is very hard to police the movements of these foreign fishing vessels when the poorly paid military personnel are often tempted by small bribes to turn a blind eye to any suspicious movements. Sarr suspects that the number of recorded deaths is merely the tip of the iceberg since the majority of men who set out fishing are migratory workers from Senegal and therefore not registered. He explains how the fishermen are vulnerable in their fragile wooden pirogues. "They don't stand a chance if they are in the path of a larger boat and sometimes they can even capsize due to the ripples caused by boats passing close by. Most fishermen don't know how to swim and hardly any own a life jacket."

ONE OF THE most striking consequences of this disaster for the local fishing fleet has been the switch in boat-use from fishing to trafficking migrants to Europe. This has resulted in thousands of Africans losing their lives while attempting to reach the Canary Islands from Mauritania in narrow, open boats, across the 600 miles of rough Atlantic.

Those who reach the Spanish islands often turn themselves in immediately. Under Spanish law, authorities have 40 days to determine the nationality of detained illegal immigrants and send them home. If they can't find out their nationality in that period - and many immigrants make a point of arriving with no identification and remaining silent in the face of questioning - they are turned over to the Red Cross and allowed to stay. Many find ways to make it off the Canary Islands and get to mainland Europe.

With the image of a prosperous life beckoning in "Fortress Europe", and a correspondingly bleak fishing situation back home, it isn't surprising so many Africans are willing to risk their lives attempting the crossing. As one young Noudhibou fisherman put it, "When you have nothing, you have nothing to lose'

• This article was funded by the Simon Cumbers Memorial Fund, a trust established in remembrance of the Co Meath-born journalist/ cameraman who was killed while filming for the BBC in the Saudi capital Riyadh in 2004