RUSSIA:While Ukraine wants the famine to be called genocide, Russians say it was not a deliberate act of mass murder, writes Peter Finnin Moscow
RELATIONS BETWEEN Russia and Ukraine, bedevilled by disputes over natural gas supplies and Nato expansion, have lately been exacerbated by one of the great tragedies of Soviet history: the famine of 1932-1933, which left millions dead from starvation and related diseases.
Ukraine is seeking international recognition of the famine, which Ukrainians call Holodomor - death by hunger - as an act of genocide.
When Joseph Stalin forced peasants off their homesteads and into collective farms, military units requisitioned grain and other food before sealing off parts of the countryside. Without food and unable to escape, millions perished.
According to Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko, Ukraine became "a vast death camp". "There is now a wealth of historical material detailing the specific features of Stalin's forced collectivisation and terror famine policies against Ukraine," Yushchenko wrote in the Wall Street Journal late last year.
"Other parts of the Soviet Union suffered terribly as well, but in the minds of the Soviet leadership there was a dual purpose in persecuting and starving the Ukrainian peasantry. It was part of a campaign to crush Ukraine's national identity and its desire for self-determination."
There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed.
Russian politicians, historians and writers however say Yushchenko and his allies are attempting to turn a Soviet crime that also killed Russians, Kazakhs and others into a uniquely Ukrainian trauma.
They say the famine was the awful but collateral consequence of ruthless agricultural policies and the drive to industrialise, not a case of deliberate mass murder.
"There is no historical proof that the famine was organised along ethnic lines," the lower house of the Russian parliament said in a resolution passed this month. "Its victims were millions of citizens of the Soviet Union, representing different peoples and nationalities living largely in agricultural areas of the country."
Moreover, some Russians say, the push for the designation of genocide has more to do with demonising modern-day Russia in the West than any desire for historical justice. Since Yushchenko came to power in early 2005, the two countries have repeatedly clashed over a host of issues, particularly his desire to integrate Ukraine into western institutions and away from Russia's orbit.
Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn, in a front-page commentary in the newspaper Izvestia this month, wrote that the "provocative cry about 'genocide' " took shape "inside spiteful, anti-Russian, chauvinistic minds".
"Still, defamation is easy to insinuate into westerners' minds," he wrote. "They have never understood our history; you can sell them any old fairytale, even one as mindless as this."
That broadside came a few days after US president George Bush, on a visit to Ukraine, laid a wreath at a memorial to the victims of the famine. The US and several other western countries have recognised the famine as genocide.
Historians though remain divided over whether the famine meets the UN definition of genocide, which defines it, in part, as the "intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".
"Registry office statistics for 1933 show death rates in urban localities no higher than average in contrast to the exorbitant death toll in the countryside, not only in Ukraine but all over the Soviet Union," Andrei Marchukov, a researcher at the Institute of Russian History, wrote in an article published by Russian news agency RIA Novosti. "People were doomed, not on the grounds of ethnicity, but merely because they lived in rural areas."
The issue has divided Ukrainians, with Russian speakers, who live mainly in the eastern part of the country, dismissing the genocide charge as grandstanding by Yushchenko. The president has also proposed a law that would criminalise denial of Holodomor.
The pro-Russian party led by former prime minister Viktor Yanukovych boycotted a parliamentary vote on a 2006 law recognising the famine as genocide. His party has suggested using the word "tragedy". "It happened on the territory of many countries," he said. "Maybe in Ukraine it had a greater effect, as Ukraine is a more agricultural country." - (Los Angeles Times-Washington Post service)