Some words to the wise

There are certain words which appear with stunning regularity on exam papers . . . with good reason. These words are signposts to the type of answer required. So, read them carefully.

Describe, discuss, demonstrate, compare, contrast, criticise . . . can sound distressingly similar. In fact, they are telling you how to approach a question.

You will always get some marks for a straightforward description but, if the question demands it, it's the analysis, criticism or discussion which will secure you those much sought-after extra marks. This list looks at words, mostly beginning with the first few letters of the alphabet, words particularly favoured by examiners.

Argue

Here you are trying to persuade the examiner of your point of view. A simple description is not enough.

Compare, contrast

Comparing means looking for similarities between items or ideas. Set things down to see if they agree or disagree with the emphasis on agreement. To contrast is to look for differences. The emphasis is on putting things down in opposition, in order to demonstrate difference. The more sophisticated exam paper may even ask you to compare and contrast. Both similarities and differences should be clearly set out.

Criticise

You are being asked for your opinion, but you must support the opinion with analysis.

Define

Here, you should explain the exact meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate, prove

These are words much beloved by maths and science examiners. A standard proof will usually have been covered in class. An experiment, diagram or example may be useful in proving the hypothesis.

Describe

More than a brief outline is required. A useful general rule is to set out the main points first and then expand on them as time allows.

Discuss

Tease out different aspects of the topic. More than a simple description is required.

Explain

Think about the how, why and what.

Summarise

The art of summary is to include all of the main points in the least possible space. The shorter the answer the better, provided you haven't left out anything vital.